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I am a newbie to smoking so I have a lot to learn. I am going to cook some pork back ribs tomorrow and I am wondering whether to apply the rub and let ribs sit refrigerated overnight, or to apply the rub just before smoking. Does the salt in the rub have any effect on the tenderness of the meat, and it's ability to retain moisture if sits on the ribs for several hours prior to cooking?
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Sounds like your thinking right. Too much salt on pork for too long will cure the surface,dry the meat, and could leave a "hammy" taste. Smokin' has taught us that 1-2 hrs before hand is plenty of time to rub. I like to let my ribs set on the counter for 30-45 minutes after rubbing to get a paste look to the surface of the ribs.
Cal's advice is spot on for loin backs weighing in at 2.5-3 lbs @ rack. When it comes to St. Louis ribs, or Spares in the 3 lb+ weight range, you can rub them and let them overnight, as long as the rub you're using isn't too salty. By "too salty", lick a bit of rub off your finger. If the 1st thing you taste is salt, it's salty.

Just as an aside, some rib rubs (besides the one I make myself) that aren't overly salty include:
ButcherBBQ Honey Rub
Williams Rib Tickler Rub
Trim Tabbs Pig Powder
Cimmaron Doc's Rib Rub

Best of luck!
I'm thinking MaxQue is talking about comp ribs, while I don't compete, I would think a fella wants to be REAL careful on the timing on the salt. I have judged some ribs that the salt cured the surface just enough that it pulled a sliver with the bite. While this doesn't bother me as a person, we have been instructed by KCBS that the bite should pull clean, so it does bother me as a judge.
Salt, no salt, etc.

For ribs, I don't apply rub more than an hour before, regardless. Just don't think it does much good. But lots of people like to do them overnight, in that case, watch out for salt for what the guys said.

The one thing I didn't see was exactly what ribs you have.

"back ribs"

Could be baby back or loin back. Loin back are over 3lbs.

It really pays to know which ribs you're doing AND how much they weigh.

Baby Backs/back ribs can be as little as 1.25 lb and over 3.5 lbs and the differences are enormous in knowing what it's going to do.

I say to also keep good notes and note how much they weighed when you bought them (if you don't have a scale)

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